Distribution and population variation of total number of palmar triradii among 20 Dhangar castes of Maharashtra,India

The paper deals with the bilateral palmar prints of 3000 males belonging to 20 Dhangar castes of Maharashtra which were analysed (1) to compare the pattern of variation of palmar triradii with respect to other traits, (2) to examine the degree of similarity between clusters based on dermatoglyphics anthropometry and genetic markers and (3) relating these similarities with their ethnographic and geographic proximities. The results of this study confirm the general presumptions, (a) that dermal traits, in general, and palmar characters, in particular, do help in understanding the biologic/ethnic affinities among different groups both at macro and micro levels and (b) the different types of traits, which are likely to be influenced by different genetic and/or environmental factors give rise to different clustering patterns.     

中国九个人群耵聍的遗传多态性

报道了九个人群的耵聍位点基因。计算表明中国各族人群在耵聍位点上的遗传分化程度非常大,固定指数F_(ST)=0.22。本文根据耵聍基因频率在我国和邻近地区的分布趋势,认为亚洲东北地区应是干型基因的起源地,目前世界上耵聍位点基因频率分布格局主要是基因扩散的结果,而非选择作用造成的。     

中国3个地区汉族人群补体C6的遗传多态性研究

运用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶等电聚焦(PAGIF)和免疫吸引技术,研究了3个地区汉族人群的C6多态性。得到的基因频率如下:漳州市——C6*A:0.4634、C6*B:0.5000、C6*R:0.0366(C6*B2:0.0317);成都市——C6*A:0.4975,C6*B:0.4484,C6*R:0.0545(C6*B2:0.0395);哈尔滨市——C6*A:0.4708,C6*B:0.5219,C6*R:0.0073(C6*B2:0.0073)。蒙古人种的C6*A频率一般都低于0.5,高加索人种的C6*A频率一般都高于0.6。黑人则介于两者之间。蒙古人种与高加索人种的另一个区别在于前者的C6*B2频率在0.03到0.07之间,而后者几乎没有C6*B2。     

Cannibalism as a life boat mechanism

Under certain conditions a cannibalistic population can survive when food for the adults is too scarce to support a non-cannibalistic population. Cannibalism can have this lifeboat effect if (i) the juveniles feed on a resource inaccessible to the adults; and (ii) the adults are cannibalistic and thus incorporate indirectly the inaccessible resource. Using a simple model we conclude that the mechanism works when, at low population densities, the average yield, in terms of new offspring, due to the energy provided by one cannibalized juvenile is larger than one.     

Petersen and removal population size estimates: combining methods to adjust and interpret results when assumptions are violated

Synopsis We present ways to test the assumptions of the Petersen and removal methods of population size estimation and ways to adjust the estimates if violations of the assumptions are found. We were motivated by the facts that (1) results of using both methods are commonly reported without any reference to the testing of assumptions, (2) violations of the assumptions are more likely to occur than not to occur in natural populations, and (3) the estimates can be grossly in error if assumptions are violated. We recognize that in many cases two days in the field is the most time fish biologists can spend in obtaining a population estimate, so the use of alternative models of population estimation that require fewer assumptions is precluded. Hence, for biologists operating with these constraints and only these biologists, we describe and recommend a two-day technique that combines aspects of both capture-recapture and removal methods. We indicate how to test: most of the assumptions of both methods and how to adjust the population estimates obtained if violations of the assumptions occur. We also illustrate the use of this combined method with data from a field study. The results of this application further emphasize the importance of testing the assumptions of whatever method is used and making appropriate adjustments to the population size estimates for any violations identified.     

Microgeographical variation in shell size of the land snail Chondrina clienta

Microgeographical variation in shell morphology of the rock-dwelling land snail Chondrina clienta , collected from 30 sites within an area of 0.5 km² on the island of Öland, Sweden, was examined in relation to its own population density and that of a potential competitor (the land snail Balea perversa ) and to environmental factors. Dispersal of marked individuals averaged 83 cm per year within a stone pile and 291 cm in an area of exposed bedrock. Local population density of active C. clienta ranged from 5 to 794 individuals per m². Shell characters were highly intercorrelated, both within and between populations. Principal component analysis revealed that most of the interpopulational variation could be expressed by the single character of shell height, which ranged from 5.54 to 6.94 mm. In all populations, snails of a given size had the same whorl number. Shell size was not influenced by habitat type (exposed rock surface, stone pile or stone wall) or proportion of calcareous stones within habitat. It was, however, negatively correlated with local population density, indicating intraspecific competition, and positively correlated with the degree of plant cover within the habitat. Analysis of variance revealed additionally a density effect of B. perversa on shell size in C. clienta , probably as a result of interspecific competition. Breeding experiments using C. clienta from different sites and carried out under unifrom conditions caused most of the phenotypic variation to disappear, demonstrating the high phenotypic plasticity of the species.     

蚤数量与宿主数量关系

无论在自然条件下或在人为条件下,蚤指数和染蚤率的高低与宿主密度的高低是一致的.宿主密度的升降,会导致其寄生蚤指数和染蚤率的升降. 本文讨论了宿主数量下降导致其寄生蚤数量下降的原因,仅是分析推测,提出几方面的看法.     

Effects of early adult experience on host selection in insects: Some experimental and theoretical results

A field experiment with Drosophila melanogasterrevealed that when flies encounter a particular food type soon after emergence, the probability of their subsequently being attracted to such a resource is increased. In this experiment, the length of time flies experienced their postemergence environments was under the control of the flies themselves. The experiment thus realistically mimicked one form of experiential effect that may be important in nature. A theoretical model is developed which shows that enhanced adult preferences for the types of resources fed on as larvae can substantially increase the degree of host-based genetic subdivision within a polyphagous population.     

Life History Studies on the Genus Trillium (Liliaceae) V. Reproductive Biology and Survivorship of Three Declinate-flowered Species

Absract Three pedicellate-declinate-flowered species of Trillium (Liliaceae), T. vaseyi and T. flexipes , were studied for their life history characteristics, e.g., stage class structures of natural populations and reproductive features, including energy allocation to reproductive activities. The populations structures of all three species showed similar depletion structures characterized by a conspicuous decrease of individuals in the small juvenile stages, as was also observed in pedicellate-erect-flowered Trillium species However, with respect to reproductive characteristics, these three declinate-flowered species showed different features from erect-flowered species, although they belong to the same pedicellate-flowered group. That is, these declinate-flowered Trillium species exhibited low seed setting rates of 30% in T. catesbaei , 45% in T. vaseyi and 34% in T. flexipes , suggesting that they possess different mating systems from erect-flowered species which showed high seed setting rates of 50–90%.     

两种品系油菜植株成分与蚜虫种群消长及成蚜翅型的关系

本文研究两种品系油菜植株成分与桃蚜(Myzus persicae(Sulzer))、萝卜蚜(Lipaphis erysimi(Kaltenbach))的种群消长及成蚜翅型的关系.经分析得出如下结果:1.桃蚜种群消长与苏氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸、丙氨酸、硬脂酸等含量有关;桃蚜成蚜无翅率与精氨酸、谷氨酸、酪氨酸、异亮氨酸等含量有关.2.萝卜蚜种群消长与苏氨酸、蛋氨酸、异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸、含水量有关;萝卜蚜成蚜无翅率与含水量.亚麻酸.苏氨酸、油酸,天门冬氨酸、丝氯酸、亚油酸等含量有关.